Antioxidants

Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals and chain reactions which may damage the cells of organisms. These free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause cellular damage, leading to diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and aging-related issues.

Details of Antioxidants

Types of Antioxidants

• Endogenous Antioxidants: Produced naturally by the body (e.g., glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase).
• Exogenous Antioxidants: Obtained through diet (e.g., vitamins and minerals).

Sources

• Dietary Antioxidants:
  • Vitamins: Vitamin C (citrus fruits), Vitamin E (nuts, seeds, oils).
  • Carotenoids: Beta-carotene (carrots), lutein (leafy greens), lycopene (tomatoes).
  • Polyphenols: Found in tea, coffee, dark chocolate, and berries.
• Minerals: Selenium, zinc, and manganese play a role in antioxidant activity.

Natural Antioxidant Enzymes

• Glutathione peroxidase
• Catalase
• Superoxide dismutase

Functions of Antioxidants

• Neutralizing Free Radicals: Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating an electron, breaking the chain reaction of oxidative stress.
• Preventing Chronic Diseases: Reducing oxidative stress can help prevent conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers.
• Supporting Immune System: Antioxidants improve the body's ability to fight infections by protecting immune cells.
• Slowing Aging Process: They protect cells from oxidative damage, which is a major contributor to aging.
• Protecting Skin: Antioxidants like Vitamin C and E protect the skin from UV radiation and environmental pollutants.
• Improving Eye Health: Carotenoids like lutein and zeaxanthin help prevent macular degeneration.
• Enhancing Cellular Repair: By reducing oxidative damage, antioxidants support the body's repair mechanisms.

Practical Uses and Benefits

• Dietary Supplements: Commonly included in supplements for health maintenance.
• Skin Care: Antioxidants are key ingredients in anti-aging and protective skincare products.
• Food Industry: Used as preservatives to prevent food spoilage.

Balanced Use

While antioxidants are beneficial, excessive supplementation can lead to adverse effects such as:

• Toxicity: High doses of vitamins like Vitamin A can be harmful.
• Interference: They might interfere with certain medications or treatments, such as chemotherapy.

Focusing on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains is the best way to maintain a healthy antioxidant balance.